China2

[[image:http://homepages.stmartin.edu/fac_staff/rlangill/HIS%20217%20maps/Qin%20dynasty%20map.JPG width="440" height="500"]]
== //Shi Huangdi unified China and became the first emperor of China. Upon unifying China, he did away with the feudal system. He was a strong follower of Legalism and used it as a basis for his government.// ==



== // Han Wudi was the most powerful and well known of the Han emperors. He followed Confucianism, built an academy for confucian scholars, and created the civil service exams to determine his officials // .==

== //The Great Wall of China is 1500 miles in length and stretches from what is today, Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nor in the west. The Great Wall was built during the reign of Shi Huangdi to protect china from northern invaders and took a seven years to finish with a work force of one million laborers. In the process of building the Great Wall, many lives were lost.// ==

== //These Terra Cotta soldiers, along with life-sized horses, surround the tomb of the late emperor Shi Huangdi. These figures represented the elite of the imperial troops and were to accompany the emperor to his tomb and the afterlife to protect him.// ==

== //The Silk Road extends from within to China to the west. It not only increased trade and commerce but also created more cultural diffusion for, the once isolated, China. The Silk Road also helped in spreading Buddhism from India into China.// ==

== //Han Fei Zi was the founder of Legalism. He believed that strict laws, strictly enforced were the best assurance of a good and stable government. Shi Huangdi followed many of Han Feizi's philosophies.// == == //Confucius was the founder of Confucianism. He believed that a good government depended on good officials. Han Wudi followed Confucianism and used it as a basis for his government. Laozi was the founder of Daoism. Daoism was a more mystical school and not usually relatable to government. It is seen as a inspiration for artists because it emphasizes on nature. // ==

= Time-Line of Classical China = 210 BCE- The first emperor of China, Shi Huangdi dies 210-214 BCE- Within four years, Shi Huangdi's apparently powerful, centralized, productive, well-organized dynasty had collapsed. 202-195 BCE- Han dynasty: Liu Bang prevailed in the Warfare that ended the Qin dynasty 195 BCE- Liu Bang died in battle 124 BCE- The most powerful and long lived of the Han emperors, Wudi established an academy to study Confucianism ** 23-220 CE- The later Han dynasty did not have the same strength as the former Han 184 CE- The beginning of the end of the Han when a revolt of hundreds of thousands of peasants broke out, the Yellow Turban revolt 189-220 CE- In the last decades of the Han rule, the court was buffeted from the outside and divided on the inside 189 CE- Generals in the court murdered some 2000 eunuchs, destroying their influence in the Han court 220 CE- When the last Han emperor, Xian, abdicated, the court had no center and the lands of the empire had been divided **
 * 221 BCE- Qin state defeats other regional states to unify China. This conquest ended centuries of fighting and undermined feudalism.
 * 51 BCE- An imperial conference of Confucian legal scholars gathered in the palace to codify and establish the principles ofr applying case law

Conrad- Demarest Model of an Empire: ** I. Necessary preconditions for the rise of empires: ** China adheres completely to the Conrad- Demarest Model. China began as an isolated region with many available resources, such as.People were constantly at war with one another, but their was no real leader taking charge. Eventually, the Qin Dynasty came to power. According to the Conrad- Demarest Model, a state becomes an empire when a belief system unites its people. This applies to the Qin, whose rulers practiced Legalism, using harsh punishments to enforce the laws. During the Qin Dynasty, new roads and canals were built, increasing trade, and, therefore, wealth.Qin rulers also strengthened the Chinese military. The Qin emperor Shi Huangdi also made the written language uniform throughout China and improved on the weights and measurements system. Many service projects, like the building of the Great Wall, also take place around this time.When the Qin Dynasty fell, the Chinese empire did not. Instead, the Han came to power. Han emperors replaced Legalism with Confucianism, making it the official Chinese ideaology and putting greater stress on loyalty and tradition. The greatest Han ruler, Wudi, further strengthened China by extending its borders through military conquests and creating the Silk Road, a trade route that stretched from China to Europe and increased China's contact with the outside world.THe Qin and Han dynasties were very similar. Both ruling families strengthened China economically and politically. For example, both Qin and Han emperors ruled through an effective bureacracy, using government officials to oversee their subjects and help maintain order and stability. Leaders of the Qin and Han helped improve trade and foreign relations while unifying China.The fall of these great dynasties is largely due to poor leadership and military conquests.
 * state-level government
 * high agricultural potential in the area
 * an environmental mosaic
 * several small states with no clearly dominant state (power vacuum)
 * mutual antagonisms among those states
 * adequate military resources
 * II. The primary reason a state succeeded in empire building ** was an ideology supporting personal identification with the state, empire, conquest, and militarism.
 * III. The major rewards of empire: **
 * economic rewards, reaped especially in the early years and redistributed to the elite and often to all levels of the citizenry
 * population increase, often supported by the government and its ideology
 * IV. Empires fall because: **
 * 1) the ideology of expansion and conquest fueled attempts at conquest beyond practical limits
 * 2) failure to continue conquest indefinitely and to continue to bring home its economic fruits eroded faith in the ideology that supported the empire
 * 3) revolutions toppled the empire

 **PERSIAN Chart **   · ** Leaders, Elites ** · ** Structure--Laws ** · ** Role of Religion ** · ** Conflict ** · ** Diplomacy, Treaties ** · ** Judicial ** || ** - Qin dynasty, Shi Huangdi, defeated other states and unified China ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Philosophy ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Focus ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Trade, Commerce ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Capital/Money ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Role of merchants ** || ** - enormous public works to improve economy ** || ** Silk Road: "As I worked more and more in China," Whitfield says, "I realized what a debt medieval China owed to the Silk Road and to the influences coming in on the Silk Road." ** || ** - the silk road is still used today ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Origins ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Beliefs, Teaching ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Conversion ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Holy Books ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Influence on Society* ** || ** - Qin: Shi Huangdi followed Legalism, which was created by Han Feizi ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Family ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Gender Relations ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Social Classes ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Inequalities—coercive labor ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Life Styles ** || -<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';">  ** During Qin dynasty, the people were forced to endure harsh labors, such as working on the Great Wall ** -<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** filial piety during the Han dynasty ** -<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** merchants were of the lowest social class ** -<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** 5 relationships: ruler to ruled, elder brother to younger brother, friend to friend, father to son, husband to wife, ** -<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Family life was patrilineal ** || ** : To generate love, you must love your relations. To generate respect, you must respect your elders. These feelings arise in the clan and state and they consummate in the kingdom. The former king (whom E Yin admired) based his actions on careful attention to the bonds that hold people together. [Legge, 1865; Wu, 1928] -Prime minister, E. Yin ** || ** - the harsh labors of the Qin dynasty are not used today **
 * <span style="color: #fa9c05; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Culture/Civilization: China **<span style="color: #fa9c05; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;">
 * <span style="color: #fa9c05; font-family: 'Times New Roman',Times,serif; font-size: 12pt;">Time Period: Classical Period **
 * || ** Factual Information ** || ** Quote ** || ** CCOT ** ||
 * POLITICAL **
 * POLITICAL **
 * - ruled through bureaucracy and ended feudal system **
 * - Great Wall of China and the terra-cotta soldier army **
 * - Han dynasty succeeded the Qin **
 * - Han Wudi was most powerful of the emperors ** || ** “Would you rather students remember the design of ancient robes, or that the Qin dynasty unified China in 221 BC?” ** || ** - China remains unified to this day **
 * - the Great Wall of China still stands today **
 * - bureaucratic government still exists today **
 * - there are no more emperors in China ** ||
 * ECONOMIC **
 * ECONOMIC **
 * - built canals and transport systems in the Wei and Min river **
 * -Qin captured the richest sources of iron ore and two of China’s best working iron facilities **
 * -The Han had new inventions in mining, paper productions, the compass, the harness for horses, a redesigned plowshare, hydraulic engineering, and the tapping of natural gas increased wealth and productivity **
 * - During Han dynasty, merchants were of low value and class due to Confucius beliefs **
 * - silk road **
 * - canals and river systems are still used today **
 * - new inventions of the Han helped China make further advancements in technology as time passed **
 * - merchants are not the lowest class any longer ** ||
 * RELIGIOUS **
 * RELIGIOUS **
 * - Legalism was harsh on the people and severe in punishments **
 * - followed laws and didn’t question it **
 * - rivalry with Confucianism, burned all Confucian books **
 * - Han: Wudi followed Confucianism, founder was Confucius **
 * - felt good government depended on good officials **
 * - filial piety in Confucianism **
 * - Emperor is suppose to be a father figure to its people ** || ** Confucianism: This equilibrium is the great root from which grow all the human actings in the world, and this harmony is the universal path which they all should pursue. ** (**Confucius**, **Doctrine of the Mean)** || ** - Legalism and Confucianism is still practiced today **
 * - people still follow filial piety ** ||
 * SOCIAL **
 * SOCIAL **
 * - filial piety towards family and elder people **
 * - merchants no longer the lowest class ** ||

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Art, Music ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Writing, Literature ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Philosophy ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Math & Science ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Education ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Technology ** ||
 * INTELLECTUAL, ARTS **

If you don't know, then realize that you don't know: That is knowledge. ** ** Confucius ** ||
 * - Shi Huangdi standardized writing, weights, and measures throughout his kingdom which promoted internal trade **
 * - Han: new inventions in mining, paper production, the compass, breast-strap harness for horses, a redesigned plowshare, hydraulic engineering, and the tapping of natural gas ** ||
 * If you know, recognize that you know,
 * True knowledge is when one knows the limitations of one's knowledge. **

<span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Location ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Physical ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Movement ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Human/Environment ** <span style="font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msolist: Ignore;">·<span style="font: normal normal normal 7pt/normal 'Times New Roman';"> ** Region ** || ** - Qin was located in the north ** ** [|Chap.60, DaoDeJing] by Lao Zi ** ** -Chap. 47, DaoDeJing Lao Zi [Lao Tze] ** || ** - China is now located not just in the North and South but more widespread and larger ** <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; msobidifontsize: 10.0pt;">
 * - development of writing, weights, and measures paved the path for more advancements **
 * - new inventions made life easier and helped to further develop China technologically ** ||
 * NEAR: GEOGRAPHY **
 * NEAR: GEOGRAPHY **
 * - Han was located in the unpopulated south **
 * - Around the Huang He and Yang Zi rivers **
 * - The Gobi desert served as a barrier **
 * - people built canals and river systems in the river **
 * - irrigated the land around the region into agricultural land ** || ** - Running a large country is like cooking a small fish. **
 * Rise and fall of a nation rests with every one of its citizens **
 * Without going outside, you may know the whole world! **
 * - Huang He and Yang Zi are still used for irrigation and transportation ** ||
 * <span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; msobidifontsize: 10.0pt;">Notes: **